Home • About • Contact
Welcome • Page Content • Site Map

Search
GH.com   GH.com dir
Wikipedia   Web

This section explores video as in video monitors and video standards.

See also my blog posts on Videos (usually online videos as opposed to about video). Feel free to modify the URLs as needed.

• Videos
• Videos, Funny
• Videos, Kids
• Videos, MARTIAL
• Videos, not MARTIAL

Monitors

Important monitor features include:

• screen size (inches). A monitor is usually measured along the diagonal.
• viewable size (inches). Somewhat smaller than the screen size
• dot pitch (millimeters). The size of the holes through which the photons come through. The usual range is from 0.21 to 0.28 mm, with the smaller dot pitch tighter resolution.
• refresh rate (Hz). How many times a second that the image on the display is refreshed. Some people can detect an annoying flicker if the refresh rate isn't high enough. This ranges from 60 to 90 Hz.
• aspect ratio. For an image, picture, video, etc., the ratio of the longer side (usually the horizontal side in videos) to the shorter side. This is frequently expressed as "longer:shorter" or the result of the division of longer by shorter. EG: The most common aspect ratio in computer and TV video is Width:Height = W:H = 4:3 = 1.333...:1, or W/H = 4/3 = 1.333... (but often denoted as 1.33). Here are some aspect ratios:
  • 1.000 or 1:1. Common in physical images.
  • 1.250 or 5:4. Rare for computer monitors.
  • 1.333 (actually 1.333...) or 4:3. The most common aspect ratio for TV and computer video. This aspect ratio is the smallest Pythagorean Triple, since the diagonal/hypotenuse is exactly 5 units if the angle is square. Surprisingly, even IMAX uses 1.33.
  • 1.414 (actually sqrt(2) = 1.414...) or √2:1. This is not used in video but is important in the ISO 216 standard for paper sizes --which is used by all countries except for basically the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico, and the Philippines. Halving along the length creates rectangles with the same aspect ratio. The diagonal is always the shorter side times sqrt(3).
  • 1.444 (actually 1.444...) or 13:9. This is not a video standard but a common baking pan size (13 inches by 9 inches).
  • 1.500 or 3:2. Aww, come on: why not?
  • 1.600 or 16:10. Less common HDTV variant. Only about 1% different from the Golden Ratio.
  • 1.618 (actually (sqrt(5)+1)/2 = 1.618...) or φ:1. The Golden Ratio with many special mathematical properties.
  • 1.666 (actually 1.666...) or 5:3.  European theatrical standard.
  • 1.777 (actually 1.777...) or 16:9. Most common HDTV variant.
  • 1.850 or roughly 13:7. American theatrical standard. Very close to a Pythagorean Triple.
  • 1.875 or 15:8. A Pythagorean Triple with a diagonal of exactly 17.
  • 2.000 or 6:3. Aww, come on: why not?
  • 2.390 or roughly 12:5. Anamorphic widescreen, first popularized as "CinemaScope". A true 12:5 is another Pythagorean Triple with a diagonal of exactly 13.

There are several settings that can be adjusted on the monitor, including the following:

• contrast (aka gamma)
• color temperature (Kelvins). Specifies the color of white.
• brightness (aka white luminance) (candelas/m^2 or footlamberts). Specifies the brightness of white.
• black level. Specifies the dimness of black.
• color depth (bits per pixel or colors per pixel). Specifies how many colors in an image or screen.

  Bits per Pixel	Colors per Pixel	Comments
  0	2^0 = 1	Your monitor is off.
  1	2^1 = 2	"Monochrome". Sufficient for black and white line art or halftones.
  2	2^2 = 4	Sufficient for most grayscale images.
  3	2^3 = 8
  4	2^4 = 16
  5	2^5 = 32
  6	2^6 = 64
  7	2^7 = 128
  8	2^8 = 256	Used in VGA. Also sufficient for most grayscale images.
  16	2^16 = 65,536	"High Color"
  24	2^24 = 16,777,216	"True Color". Actually stored as 32 bpp, but only 8 bits are unused.

Monitors can be calibrated with stethoscope like devices. These calibrators then adjust either the video card or, better yet, the voltage on the electron guns of the monitors.

Resolution is one of the most important settings but it is usually adjusted through the operating system. Adjusting the resolution sets the grid of pixels shown on the monitor, usually either 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, or 1600x1200. However to be readable, the grid must be sized to the monitor's screen size or viewable size . A value of 72 or 96 dpi is usually considered comfortable.

The following table shows the screen/viewable size you will need for displaying different resolutions:

Monitor	% of Users (ca 1999) (ca 2004)	Horizontal (4 units) x Vertical (3 units) Diagonal (5 units) Area (HxV)
		pixels	inches @ 72 dpi	inches @ 96 dpi	twips @ 15 twips/px
		4x3 5 12	0.06x0.04 0.07 0.17	0.04x0.03 0.05 0.12	60x45 75 180
VGA	14 1	640x480 800 307,200	8.9x6.7 11.1 4,267	6.7x5.0 8.3 3200	9,600x7,200 12,000 4,608,000
SVGA	55 35	800x600 1,000 480,000	11.1x8.3 13.9 6,667	8.3x6.3 10.4 5,000	12,000x9,000 15,000 7,200,000
XGA	25 50+10 beyond	1,024x768 1,280 786,432	14.2x10.7 17.8 10,923	10.7x8.0 13.3 8,192	15,360x11,520 19,200 11,796,480
		1,152x864 1,440 995,328	16.0x12.0 20.0 13,824	12.0x9.0 15.0 10,368	17,280x12,960 21,600 14,929,920
		1,200x900 1,500 1,080,000	16.7x12.5 20.8 15,000	12.5x9.4 15.6 11,250	18,000x13,500 22,500 16,200,000
SXGA	3	1,280x960 1600 1,228,800	17.8x13.3 22.2 17,067	13.3x10.0 16.7 12,800	19,200x14,400 24,000 18,432,000
SXGA+		1,400x1,050 1,750 1,470,000	19.4x14.6 24.3 20,417	14.6x10.9 18.2 15,313	21,000x15,750 26,250 22,050,000
Ultra XGA UGA		1,600x1,200 2,000 1,920,000	22.2x16.7 27.8 26,667	16.7x12.5 20.8 20,000	24,000x18,000 30,000 28,800,000
		1,920x1,440 2,400 2,764,800	26.7x20.0 33.3 38,400	20.0x15.0 25.0 28,800	28,800x21,600 36,000 41,472,000
Unknown	3 4

This drawing is 1200x900 pixels and it has a number of other smaller sizes on it too. Each square in the grid is 20x20 pixels.

Video Cards

A video card (aka video adapter or graphics processor) is a controller card that controls communication between the CPU and the monitor. If you play computer games or do anything graphic intensive, then a good video card is very important. See also http://www.gamespot.com/gshw a guide for gaming hardware.

APIs for Video Card

Video card are designed to be programmatically accessed via at least one API (Application Programming Interfaces). An API is a set of objects, libraries, routines, sub-routines, protocols, and tools that programmers will use in their applications. There are three major video card APIs.

• Direct3D. Aka D3D. D3D is actually part of Microsoft's DirectX API suite for sound and controls as well as graphics. D3D is generalized and works with most games and video cards.
• Glide. The Glide API by 3dfx and their line of Voodoo video cards. Some games such as Unreal Tournament are optimized for Glide. Please note that Nvidia has since acquired 3dfx.
• OpenGL. This API is particularly suited for FPS (First Person Shooter) games such as Quake III, Baldur's Gate, and Half-Life. The OpenGL drivers work particularly well for the GeoForce video cards by Nvidia.

The Physical Video Card

A video card fits into an expansion slot. Here are the slots used in chronological order and ordered by increasing power.

• 16 bit ISA (Industry Standard Architecture, aka AT Bus).
• 32 bit EISA (Enhanced ISA).
• 32/64 bit PCI (Peripheral Component Interface).
• 32 bit AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port).

Video RAM

It often utilizes its own RAM, i.e. RAM independent of the RAM used by the computer for processing. The type of RAM on a video card is typically DRAM, SGRAM, VRAM, WRAM, or RDRAM.

Images from the computer are represented as bit maps in a portion of video memory called the frame buffer. The more resolution, color depth, or more frames per second desired, then the greater the need for a video card with increasingly more memory.

As of 2003, the usual minimum is 16 MB, with an upper limit of 64 MB.

Video Standards

Video Standards define the allowable resolution and colors for a computer/monitor. The monitor must be able to receive the standard and the video card on the computer must be able to transmit the standard.  Some of these were actual standards via VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association), but some of them are de facto standards.

Standard	H x W, D	Color Depth	Aspect Ratio
MDA (Monochrome Display Adapter) ca 1970s	80 characters x 25 lines	2^1 = 2	NA
HGC (Hercules Graphics Card) ca 1980s	80 characters x 25 lines 720 x 350 (348), ~ 800	2^1 = 2 2^1 = 2	NA 2.06
CGA (Color Graphics Adapter) ca 1981	40 characters x 25 lines 80 characters x 25 lines 160 x 200, ~356 320 x 200, ~ 377 640 x 200, ~ 670	2^4 = 16 2^4 = 16 2^4 = 16 4 out of 2^4 = 16 2^1 = 2	NA 0.80 1.60 3.20
EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter) ca 1984	320 x 200, ~ 377 640 x 200, ~ 670 640 x 350,  ~ 729	16 out of 2^6 = 64 16 out of 2^6 = 64 16 out of 2^6 = 64	1.60 3.20 1.83
PGC, PGA (Professional Grapics Controller/Adapter/Arra6) ca 1984	640 x 480, 800	2^8 = 256	1.33
VGA (Video Graphics Array) Aka IBM 8514. ca 1985	320 x 200, ~ 377 320 x 200, ~ 377 640 x 350, ~729 640 x 480, 800	2^8 = 256 2^4 = 16 2^4 = 16 2^4 = 16	1.60 1.83 1.33
QVGA (Quarter VGA). Often shown as portrait, esp. for mobile phones.	320 x 240, 400		1.33
1/8 VGA	240 x 160, ~288		1.50
QQVGA (Quarter QVGA).	160 x 120, 200		1.33
SVGA (Super VGA) - ca 1989. VESA insted of IBM like the preceding. Any color depth became possible after SVGA	800 x 600, 1000 1024 x 768, 1280 1280 x 1024, ~1639	2^4 = 16 2^8 = 256 2^16 = 65,536	1.33 1.33 1.33 1.25
XGA or XVGA (eXtended Graphics Array) ca 1990	640 x 480, 800 800 x 600, 1000 1024 x 768, 1280	2^16 = 65,536 2^16 = 65,536 2^8 = 256	1.33 1.33 1.33
XGA-2	1024 x 768, 1280	2^16 = 65,536	1.33
SXGA (Super XGA)	1280 x 960, 1600 1280 x 1024, ~1639	2^24 = 16,777,216 2^24 = 16,777,216	1.33 1.25
SXGA+	1400 x 1050, 1750	2^24 = 16,777,216	1.33
UGA or UXGA (Ultra Graphics Array or Ultra XGA) ca 1992	1600 x 1200, 2000	2^24 = 16,777,216	1.33
WSXGA (Wide SXGA)	1440 x 900, ~1698 1680 x 1440, ~2212		1.60

IBM is working on Roentgen LCD displays (aka AMLCD or Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display) that can display paper sharp quality.

• QXGA (Quad XGA) with a resolution of 2048 x 1536 (2560 diagonal), 1.33, 123 dpi, 20.8 inch diagonal, and a cost of roughly $6,000 (as of 2003-01).
• 2560 x 2048 (~3278 diagonal), 1.25, 200 dpi, 16.3 inch diagonal.
• QUXGA has a resolution of 3200 x 2400 (4000 diagonal), 1.33, $20,000.
• The display code named "Bertha" has a resolution of 3840 x 2400 (~4528 diagonal), 1.60,, 204 dpi.
• Monochrome versions can reach 375 dpi.

Television Standards

TeleVision. A mechanical version of the TV was invented by German Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884. In the 1920s the MTV was further developed by John Logie Baird for Britain and Charles Francis Jenkins for the US. German Karl Braun invented the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), i.e. the electronic TV in 1897. The CRT was further developed by Russian Dr. Vladimir Kosma Zworykin in 1929. Philo T. Farnsworth was the first to transmit TV signals in 1927.

Here are the various monitor technologies:

• CRT (Cathode Ray Tubes) screens are the most common which fires electrons through a  vacuum tube so the electrons can hit and light up phosphors on the inside of the screen. The electrons are lead by electro magnets so they scan a frame line by line.
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens are back lit with highly efficient LED (Light Emitting Diodes) and the luminance of each pixel is controlled by blocking the back light.
  • Active matrix LCD screens have a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) screen where transistors at each pixel control the luminance of the pixel.
  • Passive matrix LCD screens have a screen where conductors at each pixel control the luminance of the pixel.
• Gas plasma screens use ionized plasma to generate light at each pixel. The whole image can be flashed at the same time instead of line scanned.

Video signals are either composite or component.

• Composite is the older format, it composites the complete visual waveform including the chromatic (color or C information), the luminance (brightness or Y information), and control signals. Most composite video standards that use RCA/Phono plugs. Here are the major composite TV signal formats:
  • NTSC. National Television Systems Committee, the default in the North America, Japan, and north and west parts of South America. NTSC has interlaced frames of 720 pixels per line, 525 lines per frame (640x480 usable), and a refresh frequency of 60 Hz (effectively 30 frames per second).
  • PAL. Phase Alternate Line, the default in Europe, half of Africa, the Mid-East, the south and west parts of South America, Asia, and Oceania. PAL has interlaced frames of 625 lines per frame and a power frequency of 50 Hz (effectively 25 frames per second)
  • SECAM, Sequential Couleur Avec Memoire (Sequential Color with Memory), the default for France, half of Africa, Madagascar, Russia and its like. SECAMs basic tech specs have become just like PAL.
• Component, the newer component format, transmits the chromatic, color, and control portions separately, resulting in less loss of picture quality. Hi8 and S-VHS are component video systems that use S-Video or Y-C plugs.

These standards are generally incompatible with the RGB video signals used by computer monitors.

The HDTV (High Definition TeleVision) should merge the worlds of television and computers. HDTV uses digital instead of analog data. The HDTV screen is wider than regular TV, i.e. it has an aspect ratio of 16 wide by 9 high instead of 4 wide by 3 high. HDTV has a high resolution:

• 1920 pixels per line, 1080 lines used out of 1125 lines per screen. This is 1080i (interlaced), that is actually either 1080i60 (NTSC areas) or 1080i50 (PAL areas).
• 1280 pixels per line, 720 lines per screen.  This is 720p (progressive), that is either 720p60 (NTSC areas) or 720p50 (PAL areas).

Depending on screen size this can look like 35 mm film. The data can also be compressed for transmission and decompressed for viewing. This should help merge the television with the computer. Currently computer displays use RGB standards which are incompatible with the standards for TV. The FCC plans to have HDTV phase in by 2006.

The aspect ratio of HDTV is also known as wide screen or letter box. This makes sense in a theater because it is much easier to increase the number of seats horizontally than vertically. Theaters are also the place to see wide broad landscapes. Thus movies should be wide screen.

• If the majority of your TV watching is for movies, then you should have a letter box monitor. You will only have black bands on the left and right sides when you watch non-letter box shows.
• If the majority of your TV watching is regular TV, then wide screen should not be your default monitor: go for the regular 4x3 monitor. You will only have black bands on the top and bottom when you watch letter box shows.

What is my personal preference? I like the 4x3 aspect ratio simply because the math is cleaner.

•  4x3  | 3/4  = 0.75   |  4/3 = 1.333... | diagonal = 5
• 16x9  | 9/16 = 0.5625 | 16/9 = 1.777... | diagonal = 18.35755975...

Film Format

The film format refers to the capture size of the original film. Common film formats include:

• 8mm
• Hi8
• VHS
• VHS-c
• S-VHS
• S-VHS-c
• Mini DV
• Digital8
• Super8
• Pixelvision
• Kidcam

Digital Video

Digital videos consists of content (video, audio, subtitles, and other metadata), wrapped in a container. The content is often encoded/decoded as well as compressed/decompressed via a codec. For a matrix of content and containers, see Comparison of container format [W].

Some containers: 3GP, 3G2, Advanced Systems Format (asf, asx, wm, wma, wmv), Audio Video Interleave (avi), DivX, EVO, Flash Video (f4v, flv), Matroska (mkf, mk3d, mka, mks, free!), MCF, MP4, MPEG (mpg), Material Exchange Format (MXF), Ogg (by xiph.org), Quicktime (mov, qt), RMVB, VOB+IFO, WebM.

Some video content: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 (A)SP, H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10/Advanced Video Coding (AVC)/Blu-ray, VC-1/WMV, RealVideo (rv, rm), Theora, VP8, MVC.

Some audio content: aif (aiff), MP1, MP2, MP3, WMA, RealAudio (ra), Vorbis, MIDI (mid, rmi), MPEG Audio (mpga), Musepack, AAC (m4a), AC-3, DTS, PCM, APE, FLAC, ALAC, WavPack, MLP/Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD, CD Audio (cda), wav.

Some video codecs:

• Lossless: FFv1, Huffyuv, Lagarith, YULS, x264.
• MPEG-4 Part 2: DivX, Xvid (free!), FFmpeg MPEG-4, 3ivx.
• H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10/Advanced Video Coding (AVC)/Blu-ray: x264, Nero Digital, QuickTime H.264, DivX.
• Microsoft: WMV, MS MPEG_4v3.
• On2: VP6, VP7, VP8, libthora.
• Other: DNxHD, Sorensen 3, Sorensen Spark, RealVideo, Cinepak, Indeo.

Some other metadata: MP3 Audio Playlist (m3u), RealText (rt), RealPix (rp).

Some conversion/transcoding tools: HandBrake, Freemake Video Converter, SUPER, Format Factory

Some media players: Windows Media Player (Windows), QuickTime (Macs), VLC (cross platform, transcodes!, free!).

FYI: The ITU-T handles the H.264 standard. The ISO/IEC handles the MPEG-4 Part 10 standard. Both are synced for the Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard that is famously used in Blu-ray discs, Vimeo, YouTube, Flash, Silverlight, iTunes, and HDTV.

Miscellany

• WinAmp, iTunes, Yahoo Music Engine, foobar2000, Windows Media Player, Musicmatch, Quintessential, J. River, jetAudio, XMPlay, MediaMonkey, Media Player Classic, Sonique, wxMusik, Real Player, XMMS, Noatun, Juk, Amarok, Music Player Daemon, Rhythmbox and many other players.

Links

Links that lead to off-site pages about video.

Personally I use Netflix and YouTube the most.

• Wikipedia
  • Comparison of container formats
  • Comparison of media players
  • Comparison of video codecs
  • Digital video
  • List of media players
  • List of video players (software)
• Video sites. Some of these sites have other stuff too. There are, of course, many other sources. Odd: A lot of them are college humor stuff.
  • buzznet.com. Photos too.
  • clipaday.com
  • dailymotion.com
  • eBaum's World [ebaumsworld.com]
  • Educated Earth [educatedearth.net]
  • filecabi.net
  • flicklife.com
  • glumbert.com
  • Google Video [video.google.com]
  • grouper.com
  • ifilm.com
  • joost.com. Peer-to-peer. Requires a download.
  • jumpcut.com
  • livevideo.com
  • lookatentertainment.com
  • metacafe.com
  • PutFile.com
  • revver.com
  • Stage 6 [stage6.divx.com]. Hi quality videos even at full screen size.
  • thevideoawards.com
  • throwawayyourtv.com. More like a blog with video clips.
  • video.stumbleupon.com. A recommender system for videos
  • viddler.com
  • vsocial.com
  • YouTube.com. Purchased by Google 2006-10-09. Loop a YouTube video with something like infinitelooper.com.
• TV and full movies on the Internet
  • http://dynamic.abc.go.com/streaming/landing. By ABC.
  • http://www.cbs.com/video/. By CBS.
  • http://www.fox.com/fod/. By FOX.
  • hulu.com. By NBC.
  • Netflix [netflix.com]. Stream movies and TV via Internet as well as a convenient borrow-return DVDs by mail service.
• TV
  • Chicago
    • Comcast [comcast.com]. My cable company as of 2006-09. TV Planner
      • Cable only
        • Educational
          • Animal Planet [animal.discovery.com]. ANIMAL 079.
          • Discovery Channel [discovery.com]. DSC 051.
          • National Geographic Channel [channel.nationalgeographic.com]. NGC 273.
          • The History Channel [history.com]. HISTORY 078.
          • The Learning Channel [tlc.discovery.com]. TLC 043.
          • The Military Channel [military.discovery.com]. MILI 274.
          • The Science Channel [science.discovery.com]. SCIENCE 272.
        • Chilling
          • Comedy Central [comedycentral.com]. COMEDY 054.
          • G4 [g4tv.com]. G4 136. Targets male viewers 17-36 years old.
          • SciFi Channel [scifi.com]. SCIFI 160. Three cheers to the SciFi Channel for supporting sci fi and bringing it to cable television 24 hours a day.
          • Spike TV [spiketv.com]. SPIKE TV Ch 053. Targets young males. Has UFC!
          • TV Land [tvland.com]. TVLAND 080.
          • VH1 [vh1.com]. VH1 066.
        • Kids
          • CartoonNetwork.com. TOON 076. Three cheers to the Cartoon Network for bringing animated cartoons to cable television 24 hours a day.
          • Discovery Kids [kids.discovery.com]. DCKIDS 130.
          • Disney Channel [disney.go.com/disneychannel]. DISN 028.
          • Nickelodeon [nick.com]. NIK 014.
          • Sprout [sproutletsgrow.com]. SPROUT 127. PBS Kids [pbskids.org] does the children's programming on PBS and Sprout is for around 5 years old and down.
          • Toon Disney [psc.disney.go.com/abcnetworks/toondisney]. TOOND 081.
        • News
          • CNN [cnn.com]. CNN 050.
          • MSNBC [msnbc.msn.com]. MSNBC 039.
        • Miscellany
          • Turner Broadcasting System [tbs.com]. TBS 047.
          • Turner Network Television [tnt.tv]. TNT 013. "We know drama". Sports and high action dramas.
          • 500s: Cinemax, Encore, Home Box Office (HBO), Turner Classic Movies (TCM), The Movie Channel (TMC), Showtime, Starz.
          • 700s: Music
          • 800s: Adult
      • Local
        • Major networks
          • ABC [ABCLocal.go.com/WLS]. WLS 007. American Broadcasting Company [abc.go.com] (owned by Disney)
          • CBS [CBS2Chicago.com]. WBBM 002. Columbia Broadcasting System [cbs.com]
          • FOX [FoxChicago.com]. WFLD 0012. FOX Broadcasting Company [fox.com]
          • NBC [NBC5.com]. WMAQ 005. National Broad Casting Company [nbc.com]
          • WGN [WGNTV.com]. WGN 009. The WB [thewb.warnerbros.com]
        • CANTV.org. 'Chicago Access Network Television (CAN TV) gives every Chicagoan a voice on cable television. While the media marketplace is controlled by a shrinking number of companies, CAN TV provides a public space where Chicagoans can discuss issues of local concern, promote health, educational and economic resources in the community, and celebrate local talent and initiatives.'
        • Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) [pbs.org]. A haven in a commercial world.
          • Illinois
            • WTTW [wttw.com]. WTTW  011. The main PBS for Chicago.
            • WYCC [wycc.ccc.edu]. WYCC 020. By the City Colleges of Chicago.
          • Other
            • WYIN [wyin.com]. WYIN 017. From Gary, Indiana where it is channel 56.
    • Miscellany
      • Chicago Television History [ChicagoTelevision.com]
  • Miscellany
    • TV.com
    • TV Guide [tvguide.com].
    • TVsOtherTenPercent.tripod.com. TV quotations.
    • Yahoo! TV [tv.yahoo.com]. Do the extra click. For Yahoo! TV, use the "personalized listing" to see channels for your specific service provider and your specific time zone (unless you happen to live in the EST time zone).
• Miscellany
  • Codec-Download.com. All the video codecs, old & new, for free.
  • Guide to Capturing, Cleaning, & Compressing Video [arstechnica.com/guide/audio-visual/videocapturing/vidcap-1.html].
  • Home of VobSub, Media Player Classic (MPC) and other misc utils [SourceForge.net/projects/guliverkli/]
  • miro.com. Plays video feeds from different sources.
  • Screen Size Measures [users.tkk.fi/~tgustafs/screensize.html]
  • Video Card History (1996 to the present) [FastSilicon.com/showarticle.php?a=28]. The present at the time of posting was 2003-11-09.

Page Modified: (Hand noted: 2008-03-29 16:10:18Z) (Auto noted: 2012-02-28 21:34:52Z)